Abstract Adenosine Deaminases that Act on RNA (ADARs) are RNA editing enzymes that
play a dynamic and nuanced role in regulating transcriptome and proteome diversity. This …

Wild birds of the orders Anseriforme s (mainly ducks, geese and swans) and
Charadriiformes (mainly gulls, terns and waders) constitute the natural reservoir for low …

A proper vaccination against avian influenza viruses in chicken can significantly reduce the
risk of human infection. Egypt has the highest number of recorded humans highly …

Background Innate immunity provides first line of defense against viral infections. The
interactions between hosts and influenza A virus and the response of host innate immunity …

Influenza viruses cause severe respiratory infections in humans and birds, triggering global
health concerns and economic burden. Influenza infection is a dynamic process involving …

Background RNA editing is an important mechanism that expands the diversity and
complexity of genetic codes. The conversions of adenosine (A) to inosine (I) and cytosine …

Abstract Background In Egypt, the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) subtype H5N1
is endemic and possesses a severe impact on the poultry. To provide a better understanding …

Aim: The aim of the current study was to evaluate the efficacy of a trivalent-inactivated oil-
emulsion vaccine against challenge by different clades highly pathogenic avian influenza …

Abstract COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection, has already reached pandemic
proportions in a matter of a few weeks. At the time of writing this manuscript, the …

H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) continues to cause mortality in
poultry and threaten human health at a panzootic scale in Egypt since it was reported in …