Current therapies for multiple sclerosis (MS) reduce both relapses and relapse-associated
worsening of disability, which is assumed to be mainly associated with transient infiltration of …

Background: Endothelial cells (ECs) display considerable functional heterogeneity
depending on the vessel and tissue in which they are located. Whereas these functional …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound particles secreted by almost all cell types.
They are classified depending on their biogenesis and size into exosomes and …

Microglia are highly plastic immune cells which exist in a continuum of activation states. By
shaping the function of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), the brain cells which …

The science of gene therapy has experienced a controversial history. At first, the initial
concept that various disorders become curable by gene transferring was very exciting and …

Claudin-5 is the dominant tight junction protein in brain endothelial cells and exclusively
limits the paracellular permeability of molecules larger than 400 Da across the blood–brain …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by autoimmune damage to the central nervous
system. All the current drugs for MS target the immune system. Although effective in reducing …

Multiple sclerosis is the most common autoimmune disorder affecting the central nervous
system. The heterogeneity of pathophysiological processes in MS contributes to the highly …

Organ-on-a-chip devices are powerful modeling systems that allow researchers to
recapitulate the in vivo structures of organs as well as the physiological conditions those …

Correlative approaches are a powerful tool in the investigation of biological samples, but
require specific preparation procedures to maintain the strength of the employed methods …