Lettuce is one of the most important crops of plant factories with artificial lighting (PFALs)
due to their small size, fast growth rate, low energy demand and high marketing value. High …

Indoor plant cultivation systems are gaining increasing popularity because of their ability to
meet the needs of producing food in unfavourable climatic contexts and in urban …

Plants possess multiple protective mechanisms against abiotic stress which ensure their
survival in limiting environments. Among those stressors, low light is an emerging cue for …

In indoor farms, electric lighting controls pla growth and quality attributes, but incurs high
capital and operating costs. The photon spectrum, photoperiod, and photosynthetic photon …

Hydroponics has become one of the most popular approaches in today's agricultural
production. Yet it is questionable whether hydroponics produce vegetables with comparable …

Lettuce is an important vegetable in horticulture, but information about the interactive effects
of light and temperature on its photosynthetic characteristics was inadequate. This work …

Highlights•Fluctuating lighting schemes in indoor farms improve plants quantity and
quality.•The proposed cultivation protocols are based on time-based trading …

Light is one of the most important limiting factors for photosynthesis and the production of
plants, especially in the regions where natural environmental conditions do not provide …

Light-emitting diodes allow for the application of specific wavelengths of light to induce
various morphological and physiological responses. In lettuce (Lactuca sativa), far-red light …

The indoor cultivation of lettuce in a vertical hydroponic system (VHS) under artificial lighting
is an energy-intensive process incurring a high energy cost. This study determines the …