All neuronal circuits are subject to neuromodulation. Modulatory effects on neuronal
processing and resulting behavioral changes are most commonly reported for higher order …

Self-awareness is a pivotal component of conscious experience. It is correlated with a
paralimbic network of medial prefrontal/anterior cingulate and medial parietal/posterior …

INTRODUCTION The drive to seek and experience reward is conserved across species and,
in mammals, involves interactions between subcortical dopaminergic systems and limbic …

Reward motivation has been demonstrated to enhance declarative memory by facilitating
systems-level consolidation. Although high-reward information is often intermixed with lower …

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) using the blood oxygenation level-
dependent (BOLD) contrast indirectly probes neuronal activity changes via evoked cerebral …

Neurons in the association cortices are particularly vulnerable in cognitive disorders such as
schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease, while those in primary visual cortex remain …

Application of metabolic magnetic resonance imaging measures such as cerebral blood flow
in translational medicine is limited by the unknown link of observed alterations to specific …

Brain imaging techniques that use vascular signals to map changes in neuronal activity,
such as blood oxygenation level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging, rely on …

As high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and fMRI of cortical layers
become more widely used, the question how well high-resolution fMRI signals reflect the …

The most widespread measures of human brain activity are the blood-oxygen-level
dependent (BOLD) signal and surface field potential. Prior studies report a variety of …