Air pollution is an important cause of non-communicable diseases globally with particulate
matter (PM) as one of the main air pollutants. PM is composed of microscopic particles that …

Oxidative stress is defined as the imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS)
production and the endogenous antioxidant defense system, leading to cellular damage …

Air pollution is a global health problem, especially in the context of rapid economic
development and the expansion of urbanization. Herein, we discuss the harmful effects of …

The harm of fine particulate matter (PM2. 5) to public health is the focus of attention around
the world. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2015 ranked PM2. 5 as the fifth …

Mucosal surfaces are lined by epithelial cells, which provide a complex and adaptive
module that ensures first-line defense against external toxics, irritants, antigens, and …

Previous research has identified that air pollution is associated with various respiratory
diseases, but few studies have investigated the function served by particulate matter 2.5 …

Following the outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus 2 (SARS-CoV-
2) last December 2019 in China, Italy was the first European country to be severely affected …

After the appearance of COVID-19 in China last December 2019, Italy was the first European
country to be severely affected by the outbreak. The first diagnosis in Italy was on February …

Airborne fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) attracts more and more attention due to its
environmental effects. The immune system appears to be a most sensitive target organ for …

Sensing of pathogens by specialized receptors is the hallmark of the innate immunity. Innate
immune response also mounts a defense response against various allergens and pollutants …