Nucleic acid vaccines are a method of immunization aiming to elicit immune responses akin
to live attenuated vaccines. In this method, DNA or messenger RNA (mRNA) sequences are …

Based on fundamental chemistry, biotechnology and materials science have developed
over the past three decades into today's powerful disciplines which allow the engineering of …

Abstract The emergence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) as a
cause of severe respiratory disease highlights the need for effective approaches to CoV …

Dendritic cells (DCs) are bone marrow-derived cells of both lymphoid and myeloid stem cell
origin that populate all lymphoid organs including the thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes, as …

Alternatives to efficient viral vectors in gene therapy are desired because of their poor safety
profiles. Chitosan is a promising non-viral nucleotide delivery vector because of its …

Introduction: Nucleic acid-based vaccines are being developed as a means to combine the
positive attributes of both live-attenuated and subunit vaccines. Viral vectors and plasmid …

The development and widespread application of vaccines has been one of the most
significant achievements of modern medicine. Vaccines have not only been instrumental in …

Over the last 30 years, genetically engineered DNA has been tested as novel vaccination
strategy against various diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis …

DNA vaccination has been of great interest since its discovery in the 1990s due to its ability
to elicit both humoral and cellular immune responses. DNA vaccines consist of a DNA …

Cross-priming is essential for generating cytotoxic T lymphocytes to viral, tumor, and tissue
antigens that are expressed exclusively in parenchymal cells. In this process, the antigen …