Reward-related cues are an important part of our daily life as they often influence and guide
our actions. This paper reviews one of the experimental paradigms used to study the effects …

Simple Summary Horses are used by humans for sport, companionship, and as a working
animal. Understanding how horses perceive and interact with humans can aid in developing …

Research in cognitive psychology has repeatedly shown how much cognition and emotions
are mutually related to one another. Psychological disorders are associated with cognitive …

Contemporary theories emphasize the involvement of the endogenous opioid system in
assigning hedonic values to rewards. Although earlier research supports this view, recent …

Examining the literature suggests equine personality is of interest to behavior and welfare
scientists and those involved in the equine industry. Study and assessment of personality is …

The use of environmental enrichment (EE) has grown in popularity over decades,
particularly because EE is known to promote cognitive functions and well-being …

Highlights•Working memory duration for disappearing food in horses lasts at least 20
s.•Under stressful conditions, working memory duration lasts less than 12 s.•Fearful horses …

Understanding the neural circuits underlying equine behaviour has the potential to help
optimise strategies of husbandry and training. This review discusses two areas of …

A relationship between dopamine and temperament has previously been described in
human cases of dopaminergic dysfunction. Adjustment in temperament prior to disease …

Replicability is a fundamental tenet of the scientific method and scientific reporting, but there
is a preponderance to publish scientific research in English to increase international …