Objective To compare the proportion of young (up to 45 years of age) and older (over 45
years of age) oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients who report tobacco and …

Background: The oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) often affects elderly aged adults,
who had long-term tobacco exposure. In the recent past decade, there is an increasing …

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) promote cancer cell proliferation and metastasis, as
well as anti-tumor immune suppression. Recent studies have shown that tumors enhance …

Background and purpose Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are associated with
locoregional control (LRC) in head-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients …

Objectives The frequency of oral squamous cell carcinoma in young adults has increased in
the last decades, and there are conflicting results in literature about its prognosis in young …

M1 phenotype macrophages have anticancer characteristics, whereas M2 phenotype
macrophages promote tumor growth and metastasis. A higher M1/M2 ratio, therefore, has a …

Simple Summary There is often a mismatch between the chronological and biological age of
head and neck cancer patients. Treatment is based on chronological age, while biological …

The development of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a multi-step
process, and its survival depends on a complex tumor ecosystem, which not only promotes …

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are part of the tumor microenvironment, broadly
divided into M1 and M2 phenotypes. M1 macrophages, commonly identified by staining the …

Background In recent clinical practice, an increasing number of elderly patients suffering
from head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) of unknown pathophysiology is …