The human microbiome is composed of a collection of dynamic microbial communities that
inhabit various anatomical locations in the body. Accordingly, the coevolution of the …

Natural living materials serving as biotherapeutics exhibit great potential for treating various
diseases owing to their immunoactivity, tissue targeting, and other biological activities. In this …

Antimicrobial resistance, caused by persistent adaptation and growing resistance of
pathogenic bacteria to overprescribed antibiotics, poses one of the most serious and urgent …

Viral infections in humans are responsible for fatalities worldwide and contribute to the
incidence of various human ailments. Controllable targeted medicine delivery against many …

As adjuvants or antigens, bacterial membranes have been widely used in recent
antibacterial and antitumor research, but they are often injected multiple times to achieve …

Despite immunotherapy emerging as a vital approach to improve cancer treatment, the
activation of efficient immune responses is still hampered by immunosuppression, especially …

Various infectious agents affect human health via the oral entrance. The majority of
pathogens lack approved vaccines. Oral vaccination is a convenient, safe and cost-effective …

The management and treatment of disease are achieved via the use of pharmacologically
active substances or drugs. Drugs do not, however, have an intrinsic ability to be effective; …

Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) connects the innate immunity to potent adaptive
immunity via multiple pathways, which play a critical role in cancer treatment. Clinical …

Topical drug delivery is widely used in various diseases because of the advantages of not
passing through the gastrointestinal tract, avoiding gastrointestinal irritation and hepatic first …