Background The glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a multifaceted hormone with broad
pharmacological potential. Among the numerous metabolic effects of GLP-1 are the glucose …

Insulin and glucagon exert opposing effects on glucose metabolism and, consequently,
pancreatic islet β-cells and α-cells are considered functional antagonists. The intra-islet …

The capability of carbohydrate utilization in fish is limited compared to mammals. It has
scientific and practical significance to improve the ability of fish to use carbohydrates. The …

The recent epidemics of metabolic diseases, obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), liver lipid
disorders and metabolic syndrome have largely been attributed to genetic background and …

The evolution of glucagon has seen the transition from an impurity in the preparation of
insulin to the development of glucagon receptor agonists for use in type 1 diabetes. In type 2 …

Islets of Langerhans are islands of endocrine cells scattered throughout the pancreas. A
number of new studies have pointed to the potential for conversion of non-β islet cells in to …

Solute carrier (SLC) transporters—a family of more than 300 membrane-bound proteins that
facilitate the transport of a wide array of substrates across biological membranes—have …

In the last two decades we have witnessed sizable progress in defining the role of
gastrointestinal signals in the control of glucose and energy homeostasis. Specifically, the …

The forkhead box O family consists of FoxO1, FoxO3, FoxO4 and FoxO6 proteins in
mammals. Expressed ubiquitously in the body, the four FoxO isoforms share in common the …

Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic
polypeptide receptor (GIPR) are two class B1 G protein-coupled receptors, which are …