Birds are a diverse and agile lineage of vertebrates that all use bipedal locomotion for at
least part of their life. Thus birds provide a valuable opportunity to investigate how …

Leg properties have been involved in the broad study of human walking from mechanical
energy to motion prediction of robotics. However, the variable leg elasticities and their …

The dynamic complexity and individualization of running biomechanics has challenged the
development of objective and comparative gait measures. Here, we present and explore …

ABSTRACT A considerable body of work has examined the dynamics of different dog gaits,
but there are no studies that have focused on limb dynamics in jumping. Jumping is an …

ABSTRACT A number of theories have been proposed to explain the exteriorization of the
testicles in most mammalian species. None of these provide a consistent account for the …

Pronograde trunk orientation in small birds causes prominent intra-limb asymmetries in the
leg function. As yet, it is not clear whether these asymmetries induced by the trunk reflect …

Recent studies of in vivo muscle function in guinea fowl revealed that distal leg muscles
rapidly modulate force and work to stabilize running in uneven terrain. Previous studies …

Directing the ground reaction forces to a focal point above the centre of mass of the whole
body promotes whole body stability in human and animal gaits similar to a physical …

Navigating complex terrains requires dynamic interactions between the substrate,
musculoskeletal, and sensorimotor systems. Current perturbation studies have mostly used …

Limitations in actuation, sensing, and computation have forced small legged robots to rely
on carefully tuned, mechanically mediated leg trajectories for effective locomotion. Recent …