Carcinomas are complex heterocellular systems containing epithelial cancer cells, stromal
fibroblasts, and multiple immune cell‐types. Cell‐cell communication between these tumor …

Nowadays, the diagnosis and treatment system of malignant tumors has increasingly tended
to be more precise and personalized. And the existing tumor models are still unable to fully …

Simple Summary The synthetic lethality (SL) clinical success of PARP inhibitors in
homologous recombinant deficient tumors has established a new concept for cancer …

Summary Two-dimensional (2D) cultures of intestinal and colonic epithelium can be
generated using human intestinal stem cells (hISCs) derived from primary tissue sources …

Organoids are three-dimensional cellular structures designed to recreate the biological
characteristics of the body's native tissues and organs in vitro. There has been a recent …

Organoids are in vitro microstructures similar to the source tissue formed by the self-
organizing construction of stem cells from various sources. It is now widely recognized as a …

The intestinal epithelium performs a variety of functions that are essential to maintaining
human health. These processes are carried out by specialized absorptive and secretory cell …