Abstract S chakel AH and J effery C. Are regional elections really 'second-order'elections,
Regional Studies. This article critically assesses the applicability of the second-order …

A defining characteristic of second-order elections is that voters base their decision on
considerations that were developed for a different policy level. Therefore, this kind of …

National-level elections receive more attention from scholars and the media than elections
at other levels, even though in many European countries the importance of both regional …

The concept of 'nationalisation'is vigorously discussed in the literature and three dimensions
have been proposed. A first dimension considers the extent to which a party's vote in …

This article addresses the effects of decentralisation reforms on regionalist parties' electoral
strength. It takes up the debate between 'accommodatists'(ie, electoral loss due to policy …

When considering elections in multi-level contexts, scholars have typically assumed—in line
with second-order election theory—that the way voters approach an election depends on …

Public responsiveness to government policy is a crucial component of representative
democracy, but may be far weaker in federal regimes. This article explores the …

In Quebec and Scotland, questions of constitutional change, national identity, and national
grievance play an important role in the electoral calculations of political parties and voters …

How do large-magnitude proportional systems affect invalid voting? We evaluate a Chilean
electoral system reform that introduced proportionality. Voting is voluntary, and legislative …

These assumptions have resulted in a limited, and often biased, assessment of the activities,
strategies and concerns of these parties. For example, SNRPs are often treated as single …