The absolute reliance of the mammalian brain on oxygen to generate ATP renders it acutely
vulnerable to hypoxia, whether at high altitude or in clinical settings of anemia or pulmonary …

Brain cells normally respond adaptively to bioenergetic challenges resulting from ongoing
activity in neuronal circuits, and from environmental energetic stressors such as food …

Immunity and inflammation are key elements of the pathobiology of stroke, a devastating
illness second only to cardiac ischemia as a cause of death worldwide. The immune system …

Intermittent hypoxia (IH) has been the subject of considerable research in recent years, and
triggers a bewildering array of both detrimental and beneficial effects in multiple …

This review focuses on mechanisms and emerging concepts that drive the science of stroke
in a therapeutic direction. Once considered exclusively a disorder of blood vessels, growing …

Astrocytes outnumber neurons in the human brain, and they play a key role in numerous
functions within the central nervous system (CNS), including glutamate, ion (ie, Ca2+, K+) …

Oxygen is required for the survival of the majority of eukaryotic organisms, as it is important
for many cellular processes. Eukaryotic cells utilize oxygen for the production of biochemical …

Objective: This study aims to evaluate protective effects of brief repetitive bilateral arm
ischemic preconditioning (BAIPC) on stroke recurrence in patients with symptomatic …

The brain vasculature has been increasingly recognized as a key player that directs brain
development, regulates homeostasis, and contributes to pathological processes. Following …

The family of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) are known for their regulation of
vascularization. In the brain, VEGFs are important regulators of angiogenesis …