In central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC), the macula is detached because of fluid leakage
at the level of the retinal pigment epithelium. The fluid appears to originate from choroidal …

The choroid is one of the most vascularized structures of the human body and plays an
irreplaceable role in nourishing photoreceptors. As such, choroidal dysfunction is implicated …

Remarkable improvements in optical coherence tomography (OCT) technology have
resulted in highly sophisticated, noninvasive machines allowing detailed and advanced …

The pachychoroid disease spectrum (PDS) includes several chorioretinal diseases that
share specific choroidal abnormalities. Although their pathophysiological basis is poorly …

Background Hemodynamic changes have been observed in patients with Graves' disease.
The aim of our study was to evaluate choroidal vascular change using the choroidal …

Background The choroid, a highly vascular structure within the eye, is significantly
influenced by various systemic conditions. The advent of enhanced depth optical coherence …

Venous overload choroidopathy likely underlies several chorioretinal diseases.
Characterized by elevated hydrostatic pressure within choroidal vortex veins due to outflow …

Background Current modalities for diagnosing carotid cavernous fistula (CCF) are
inaccurate in analysing retinal microcirculations and nerve fibre changes. Retinal …

Manifestations of carotid-cavernous fistulae (CCF) that arise from orbital venous congestion
are diverse. Enhanced-depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) first linked …

(CCF) that initially presented in the Ophthalmology Department because of the ocular
manifestations. CFF is a clinical syndrome characterized by ocular abnormalities, which is …