Opioids are used for acute and chronic pain and dependency. They have a narrow
therapeutic index and large interpatient variability in response. Genetic factors regulating …

Introduction Interindividual differences in drug response are a frequent clinical challenge
partly due to variation in pharmacokinetics. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are …

Importance Neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) caused by in utero opioid exposure is a
growing problem; genetic factors influencing the incidence and severity have not been …

Recent pharmacogenomic/pharmacogenetic (PGx) studies have disclosed important roles
for drug transporters in the human body. Changes in the functions of drug transporters due …

Methadone is a mu-opioid receptor agonist used for treating opiate dependence. The range
of effective methadone doses is broad. Part of the large inter-individual variability in efficacy …

Adequate relief of perioperative pain has been deemed a fundamental right of patients and
an obligation of practitioners. 1 Inadequately relieved postoperative pain has numerous …

Background: This topical review addresses methadone's pharmacology, its application in
malignant and non‐malignant pain conditions, practical issues related to methadone for the …

Methadone, an opioid analgesic, is used clinically in pain therapy as well as for substitution
therapy in opioid addiction. It has a large interindividual variability in response and a narrow …

The amount of opioid users receiving opioid maintenance therapy has increased
significantly over the last few years. As a result, an increasing number of children are …

Addiction to opiates and illicit use of psychostimulants is a chronic, relapsing brain disease
that, if left untreated, can cause major medical, social, and economic problems. This article …