Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a heterogeneous group of hereditary diseases characterized by
progressive degeneration of retinal photoreceptors leading to progressive visual decline. It …

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways represent ubiquitous cellular signal
transduction pathways that regulate all aspects of life and are frequently altered in disease …

Injuries caused by trauma and neurodegenerative diseases can damage the peripheral
nervous system and cause functional deficits. Unlike in the central nervous system …

Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is one of the most common concerns in trauma patients.
Despite significant advances in repair surgeries, the outcome can still be unsatisfactory …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common retinal vascular disease. Proliferative DR
(PDR) is the aggressive stage of DR with angiogenesis as a pathological hallmark, which is …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) remains the leading cause of blindness among the global working-
age population. Emerging evidence underscores the significance of diabetic retinal …

The underlying immune state of inherited retinal degenerations (IRDs) and retinitis
pigmentosa (RP) has been an emerging area of interest, where in the consequences have …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common blinding complication in patients with type I and type
II diabetes mellitus (Graham et al., 2018). DR is a progressive retinal vascular damage …

Pax‐6 emerges as a critical transcription factor that guides the fate of stem cells towards
neural lineages. Its expression influences the differentiation of neural progenitors into …

Transforming growth factor β (Tgf-β), a pleiotropic cytokine, can enhance DNA repair in
various cells, including cancer cells and neurons. The noncoding regulatory system plays an …