Appropriate regulatory control of the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenocortical stress axis is
essential to health and survival. The following review documents the principle extrinsic and …

Stress necessitates an immediate engagement of multiple neural and endocrine systems.
However, exposure to a single stressor causes adaptive changes that modify responses to …

The novel neuropeptides called hypocretins (orexins) have recently been identified as being
localized exclusively in cell bodies in a subregion of the tuberal part of the hypothalamus …

Stress can trigger enduring changes in neural circuits and synapses. The behavioral and
hormonal consequences of stress can also be transmitted to others, but whether this …

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus
(PVN) initiate hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activity through the release of CRF into …

GABA and glutamate play a major role in central integration of hypothalamo‐pituitary‐
adrenocortical (HPA) stress responses. Recent work in our group has focused on …

Limbic neurocircuits play a central role in regulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–
adrenocortical (HPA) axis. Limbic influences on adrenocortical hormone secretion are …

Emotional stress provokes a stereotyped pattern of autonomic and endocrine changes that
is highly conserved across diverse mammalian species. Nearly 50 years ago, a specific …

Regulation of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical (HPA) axis activity by stress is a
fundamental survival mechanism and HPA-dysfunction is implicated in psychiatric disorders …

Adverse early-life experiences, such as poor maternal care, program an abnormal stress
response that may involve an altered balance between excitatory and inhibitory signals …