The design and engineering of organic fluorescent Ca2+ indicators approximately 30 years
ago opened the door for imaging cellular Ca2+ signals with a high degree of temporal and …

Spatiotemporal activity patterns in local neural networks are fundamental to brain function.
Network activity can now be measured in vivo using two-photon imaging of cell populations …

The understanding of brain computations requires methods that read out neural activity on
different spatial and temporal scales. Following signal propagation and integration across a …

Laser microscopy has generally poor temporal resolution, because of the serial scanning of
each pixel. This is a significant problem for imaging or optically manipulating neural circuits …

We review the current state of multiphoton microscopy. In particular, the requirements and
limitations associated with high-speed multiphoton imaging are considered. A description of …

Understanding neural computation requires methods such as 3D acousto-optical (AO)
scanning that can simultaneously read out neural activity on both the somatic and dendritic …

Understanding biological activities in cells or deep tissues requires high-speed three-
dimensional (3D) imaging. Substantial progress has been made with the emergence of 3D …

Inhibitory interneurons are considered to be the controlling units of neural networks, despite
their sparse number and unique morphological characteristics compared with excitatory …

Imaging technologies are well suited to study neuronal dendrites, which are key elements
for synaptic integration in the CNS. Dendrites are, however, frequently oriented …

The advent of optogenetics and genetically encoded photosensors has provided
neuroscience researchers with a wealth of new tools and methods for examining and …