Steroid sulfation and desulfation are fundamental pathways vital for a functional vertebrate
endocrine system. After biosynthesis, hydrophobic steroids are sulfated to expedite …

There is still an unresolved paradox with respect to the immunomodulating role of estrogens.
On one side, we recognize inhibition of bone resorption and suppression of inflammation in …

The 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-Δ4 isomerase (3β-HSD) isoenzymes are
responsible for the oxidation and isomerization of Δ5-3β-hydroxysteroid precursors into Δ4 …

Abstract Interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) is a multifunctional cytokine produced by macrophages, T cells,
B cells, endothelial cells and tumour cells. Interleukin‐6 is able to promote tumour growth by …

Steroid sulfatase (STS) is responsible for the hydrolysis of aryl and alkyl steroid sulfates and
therefore has a pivotal role in regulating the formation of biologically active steroids. The …

For centuries, people around the world have used fermentation to preserve and enhance the
flavor of a wide variety of foods. Today, complex interactions of microbiota in the digestive …

Experimental, epidemiological and clinical evidence implicates insulin resistance and its
accompanying hyperinsulinaemia in the development of cancer, but the relative importance …

Although growth factors and extracellular matrix (ECM) are recognized as important
contributors to breast epithelial growth, morphogenesis, hormone responsiveness, and …

Cytokines, such as IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, have an important role in
regulating estrogen synthesis in peripheral tissues, including normal and malignant breast …

Estrogens play a crucial role in the development and evolution of human breast cancer.
However, it is still unclear whether estrogens are carcinogenic to the human breast. There …