The vertebrate retina first evolved some 500 million years ago in ancestral marine
chordates. Since then, the eyes of different species have been tuned to best support their …

Retinal circuits transform the pixel representation of photoreceptors into the feature
representations of ganglion cells, whose axons transmit these representations to the brain …

We assembled a semi-automated reconstruction of L2/3 mouse primary visual cortex from∼
250× 140× 90 μm 3 of electron microscopic images, including pyramidal and non-pyramidal …

Drosophila melanogaster has a rich repertoire of innate and learned behaviors. Its 100,000-
neuron brain is a large but tractable target for comprehensive neural circuit mapping. Only …

The wide variety of animal behaviours that can be observed today arose through the
evolution of their underlying neural circuits. Advances in understanding the mechanisms …

Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) assists stabilization of the retinal image during head rotation.
OKN is driven by ON direction selective retinal ganglion cells (ON DSGCs), which encode …

Visual signals in the vertebrate retina are shaped by feedback and feedforward inhibition in
two synaptic layers. In one, horizontal cells establish fundamental center-surround receptive …

Images projected onto the retina of an animal eye are rarely still. Instead, they usually
contain motion signals originating either from moving objects or from retinal slip caused by …

From mouse to primate, there is a striking discontinuity in our current understanding of the
neural coding of motion direction. In non-primate mammals, directionally selective cell types …

Self-motion triggers complementary visual and vestibular reflexes supporting image-
stabilization and balance. Translation through space produces one global pattern of retinal …