Retinal circuits transform the pixel representation of photoreceptors into the feature
representations of ganglion cells, whose axons transmit these representations to the brain …

The spiking neural network (SNN) is regarded as a promising candidate to deal with the
great challenges presented by current machine learning techniques, including the high …

Visual motion on the retina activates a cohort of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). This
population activity encodes multiple streams of information extracted by parallel retinal …

Working memory is a fundamental feature of biological brains for perception, cognition, and
learning. In addition, learning with working memory, which has been show in conventional …

From mouse to primate, there is a striking discontinuity in our current understanding of the
neural coding of motion direction. In non-primate mammals, directionally selective cell types …

Antagonistic interactions between center and surround receptive field (RF) components lie
at the heart of the computations performed in the visual system. Circularly symmetric center …

A fundamental organizing plan of the retina is that visual information is divided into ON and
OFF streams that are processed in separate layers. This functional dichotomy originates in …

Retinal bipolar cells are second-order neurons that transmit basic features of the visual
scene to postsynaptic partners. However, their contribution to motion detection has not been …

Motion in the visual world provides critical information to guide the behavior of sighted
animals. Furthermore, as visual motion estimation requires comparisons of signals across …

Sighted animals use visual signals to discern directional motion in their environment. Motion
is not directly detected by visual neurons, and it must instead be computed from light signals …