What is the optimal system of intellectual property rights to encourage innovation? Empirical
evidence from economic history can help to inform important policy questions that have …

This paper reviews and compares patent pools, intellectual property (IP) clearinghouses,
and copyright collectives as systems for promoting efficient access to licensable IP in a …

In recognition that participation in modern patent pools is voluntary, we present empirical
evidence on participation rates and the factors that drive the decision to join a pool …

Patent pools have become a prominent mechanism to reduce litigation risks and facilitate
the commercialization of new technologies. This article takes advantage of a window of …

The prospect of licensing patents that are essential to standards on an industry-wide scale is
a major incentive for companies to invest in standardization activities. Most standard …

Many high technology goods are based on standards that require several essential patents
owned by different IP holders. This gives rise to a complements and a double mark‐up …

This paper connects ideas from recent literature on the economics of intellectual property
(IP) to address the question: Did the strengthening and broadening of IP rights from …

Canada has many of the right conditions for innovation: a well-educated workforce, strong
research institutions, openness to skilled immigration, an active venture capital scene …

We present a model of standard setting and patent‐pool formation. We study the effects of
alternative standard‐setting and pool‐formation rules on technology choice, prices, and …

Companies invest in R&D to create and exploit new opportunities. In recent years, leading
innovative companies have attempted to establish a market for technologies and create …