Opioids are widely used as therapeutic agents against moderate to severe acute and
chronic pain. Still, these classes of analgesic drugs have many potential limitations as they …

Commonalities in addictive behavior, such as craving, stimuli-driven drug seeking, and a
high propensity for relapse following abstinence, have pushed for a unified theory of …

Mesolimbic dopaminergic circuit is essential for food reward and motivational behaviors and
can contribute to weight gain and obesity. Litter reduction is a classical model for studying …

Experiential avoidance is closely linked to social network site (SNS) addiction among
university students. This study examines the psychological mechanisms linking experiential …

Frustrative nonreward contributes to anxiety disorders and addiction, and is included in the
Research Domain Criteria initiative as a relevant endophenotype. These experiments …

Mammals in general experience bouts of negative emotion when they unexpectedly
experience a reduction in expected reward, known as unexpected reward downshifts …

The role of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and globus pallidus externus (GPe) in the
adjustment to the consummatory reward downshift (cRD) and in open field (OF) activity was …

Addiction is defined as a gradual mental disorder that progresses from social use into a
compulsion to take the drug, which results in frequent relapses (Anderson and Hearing …