Highlights•The versatile chemistry of the flavin cofactor underpins a wide range of enzyme
reactions.•New flavin species have recently been discovered, including prenylated flavins …

Insight regarding how diverse enzymatic functions and reactions have evolved from
ancestral scaffolds is fundamental to understanding chemical and evolutionary biology, and …

The rapidly expanding number of protein sequences found in public databases can improve
our understanding of how protein functions evolve. However, our current knowledge of …

Cobalamin (vitamin B12, herein referred to as B12) is an essential cofactor for most marine
prokaryotes and eukaryotes,. Synthesized by a limited number of prokaryotes, its scarcity …

Vitamin B12 contributes many substantial metabolic cycles in the living organisms. Since
human beings cannot produce such co-factor by their metabolism, they have to receive this …

Nitroreductase (NR) from Enterobacter cloacae reduces diverse nitroaromatics including
herbicides, explosives, and prodrugs, and holds promise for bioremediation, prodrug …

Iodide is required for thyroid hormone synthesis in mammals and other vertebrates. The role
of both iodide and iodinated tyrosine derivatives is currently unknown in lower organisms …

The redox chemistry of flavoproteins is often gated by substrate and iodotyrosine deiodinase
(IYD) has the additional ability to switch between reaction modes based on the substrate …

Cobamides are a family of enzyme cofactors that include vitamin B12 (cobalamin) and are
produced solely by prokaryotes. Structural variability in the lower axial ligand has been …

Consensus sequences have the potential to help classify the structure and function of
proteins and highlight key regions that may contribute to their biological properties. Often …