Protein homeostasis is epitomized by an equilibrium between protein biosynthesis and
degradation: the 'life and death'of proteins. Approximately one-third of newly synthesized …

Tethering complexes mediate vesicle–target compartment contact. Octameric complex
exocyst initiate vesicle exocytosis at specific cytoplasmic membrane domains. Plant exocyst …

The energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) can activate autophagy when
cellular energy production becomes compromised. However, the degree to which nutrient …

Autophagy is a universal degradation system in eukaryotic cells. In plants, although
autophagosome biogenesis has been extensively studied, the mechanism of how …

Plant cells secrete membrane-enclosed micrometer-and nanometer-sized vesicles that,
similarly to the extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by mammalian or bacterial cells, carry a …

The endomembrane system consists of various membrane‐bound organelles including the
endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, trans‐Golgi network (TGN), endosomes, and …

As a fundamental metabolic pathway, autophagy plays important roles in plant growth and
development, particularly under stress conditions. A set of autophagy-related (ATG) proteins …

Senescence is the final stage of plant growth and development, and is a highly regulated
process at the molecular, cellular, and organismal levels. When triggered by age, hormonal …

The brassinosteroid (BR) hormone and its plasma membrane (PM) receptor BR
INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1) are one of the best-studied receptor–ligand pairs for understanding …

We are entering an exciting century in the study of the plant organelles in the
endomembrane system. Over the past century, especially within the past 50 years …