Apoptosis is a form of cell death by which the body maintains the homeostasis of the internal
environment. Apoptosis is an initiative cell death process that is controlled by genes and is …

It is increasingly apparent that not only is a cure for the current worldwide diabetes epidemic
required, but also for its major complications, affecting both small and large blood vessels …

Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) is triggered due to a loss of homeostasis in the ER,
resulting in accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER lumen. ER stress activates a series …

It is well established that regular physiological stimulation by glucose plays a crucial role in
the maintenance of the β-cell differentiated phenotype. In contrast, prolonged or repeated …

The mechanisms underlying the association between obesity and progressive renal disease
are not well understood. Exposure to a high-fat diet decreases levels of the cellular energy …

Uric acid (UA) is the end product of purine metabolism and can reportedly act as an
antioxidant. However, recently, numerous clinical and basic research approaches have …

Cells use an exquisite network of mechanisms to maintain the integrity and functionality of
their protein components. In the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), these networks of protein …

Background Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a basic cellular stress response that
maintains cellular protein homeostasis under endogenous or exogenous stimuli, which …

Disturbance of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis triggered by the accumulation of
unfolded proteins and advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) plays a major role in …

Abstract Purpose of Review Diabetic nephropathy (DN) has become the leading cause of
end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide. Accumulating evidence suggests that …