Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) is the first and rate limiting catabolic enzyme in the
degradation pathway of the essential amino acid tryptophan. By cleaving the aromatic indole …

There is currently great interest in developing mucosal vaccines against a variety of
microbial pathogens. Mucosally induced tolerance also seems to be a promising form of …

Behçet's disease (BD) is a systemic vasculitis disorder of unknown etiology, characterized
by relapsing episodes of oral aphthous ulcers, genital ulcers, skin lesions and ocular …

Cholera, a waterborne acute diarrheal disease caused by Vibrio cholerae, remains
prevalent in underdeveloped countries and is a serious health threat to those living in …

AB 5 toxins are important virulence factors for several major bacterial pathogens, including
Bordetella pertussis, Vibrio cholerae, Shigella dysenteriae and at least two distinct …

After De's pivotal demonstration in 1959 of a diarrhoeogenic exo-enterotoxin in cell-free
culture filtrates from Vibrio cholerae (of classical biotype), much insight has been gained …

Emerging evidences indicate that diminished activity of the vasoprotective axis of the renin–
angiotensin system, constituting angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and its enzymatic …

Antibodies (inhibitors) developed by hemophilia B patients against coagulation factor IX
(FIX) are challenging to eliminate because of anaphylaxis or nephrotic syndrome after …

Background Behçet's syndrome (BS) is a multisystem immune-related disease of unknown
etiology. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is characterized by the presence of idiopathic …

Objective—Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease. Autoimmune responses to low-
density lipoproteins (LDL) contribute to its progression, whereas immunization with LDL may …