The solar cycle is reviewed. The 11-year cycle of solar activity is characterized by the rise
and fall in the numbers and surface area of sunspots. A number of other solar activity …

This paper reviews recent advances and current debates in modeling the solar cycle as a
hydromagnetic dynamo process. Emphasis is placed on (relatively) simple dynamo models …

The dynamic activity of stars such as the Sun influences (exo) planetary space environments
through modulation of stellar radiation, plasma wind, particle and magnetic fluxes. Energetic …

This article surveys the development of observational understanding of the interior rotation
of the Sun and its temporal variation over approximately forty years, starting with the 1960s …

The past few decades have seen dramatic progress in our understanding of solar interior
dynamics, prompted by the relatively new science of helioseismology and increasingly …

Solar meridional circulation is an axisymmetric flow system, extending from the equator to
the poles (∼ 20 m/s at the surface,≈ 1% of the mean solar rotation rate), plunging inwards …

Meridional flow in the solar interior plays an important role in redistributing angular
momentum and transporting magnetic flux inside the Sun. Although it has long been …

Magnetism is one of the most pervasive features of the Universe, with planets, stars and
entire galaxies all having associated magnetic fields. All of these fields are generated by the …

Context. It is well known that the tilt angles of active regions increase with their latitude (Joy's
law). It has never been checked before, however, whether the average tilt angles change …

Three-dimensional simulations of solar convection in spherical shells are used to evaluate
the differential rotation that results as thermal boundary conditions are varied. In some …