Arctic Ocean gateway fluxes play a crucial role in linking the Arctic with the global ocean and
affecting climate and marine ecosystems. We reviewed past studies on Arctic–Subarctic …

In this study we assessed the representation of the sea surface salinity (SSS) and liquid
freshwater content (LFWC) of the Arctic Ocean in the historical simulation of 31 CMIP6 …

Arctic navigation has become operational in recent decades with the decline in summer sea
ice. To assess the navigability of trans-Arctic passages, combined model and satellite sea …

The Bohai Sea and its surrounding areas are rich in oil and natural gas and play an
important role in industry, agriculture and the economy. However, the Bohai Sea suffers …

A recent study has provided the first thorough assessment of subseasonal Arctic sea ice
edge prediction in operational forecast systems. However, the corresponding assessment of …

In the Arctic, multi-year sea ice is being rapidly replaced by seasonal sea ice. Baffin Bay,
situated between Greenland and Canada, is part of the seasonal ice zone. In this study, we …

Rapidly shrinking Arctic sea ice has had substantial impacts on the Earth system. Therefore,
reliably estimating the Arctic sea-ice thickness (SIT) using a combination of available …

Sea ice thickness (SIT) presents comprehensive information on Arctic sea ice changes and
their role in the climate system. However, our understanding of SIT is limited by a scarcity of …

It has been estimated that approximately half of all anthropogenic fossil fuel carbon dioxide
(CO2) emissions have been absorbed by the oceans. Air-sea gas exchange of CO2 and the …