Aging leads to a gradual dysregulation of immune functions, one consequence of which is
reduced vaccine efficacy. In this review, we discuss several key contributing factors to the …

Background The use of inbred mice housed under standardized environmental conditions
has been critical in identifying immuno-pathological mechanisms in different infectious and …

Route of exposure to pathogens can inform divergent disease pathogenesis and mortality
rates. However, the features that contribute to these differences are not well established …

Orientia tsutsugamushi is an obligately intracellular bacterium with endothelial tropism and
can cause mild to lethal scrub typhus in humans. No vaccine is available for this reemerging …

The infectious disease melioidosis is caused by the bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei.
Melioidosis is characterised by high mortality and morbidity and can involve the central …

Entamoeba histolytica is an extracellular enteric eukaryotic parasite. Globally, an average of
50 million cases and 55,000 to 100,000 deaths are due to E. histolytica infection each year …

Immune responses to intracellular pathogens depend largely upon the activation of T helper
type 1-dependent mechanisms. The contribution of B cells to establishing protective …

Identifying correlates of protection (COPs) for vaccines against lethal human (Hu)
pathogens, such as Francisella tularensis (Ft), is problematic, as clinical trials are currently …

There are several Entamoeba species that colonize humans, but only Entamoeba histolytica
causes severe disease. E. histolytica is transmitted through the fecal-oral route to colonize …

Francisella tularensis is the causative agent of tularemia and has gained recent interest as it
poses a significant biothreat risk. F. novicida is commonly used as a laboratory surrogate for …