Understanding the diffusion of military capabilities is a central issue in international
relations. Despite this, only a few works attempt to explain this phenomenon, focusing on …

Many scholars and practitioners are unconvinced that cyber deterrence is possible. This
article aims to demonstrate why some of this skepticism is misplaced, as well as provide …

Cyber operations ranging from deception and espionage to disruption and high-end
degradation have become a central feature of modern statecraft in the digital age, yet we …

Extant scholarship has until now relied on informal-theoretic, case study, and interpretative
methods to assess patterns of norm development in cyberspace. Ideally, these accounts …

As internet technology proliferate in volume and complexity, the ever-evolving landscape of
malicious cyberattacks presents unprecedented security risks in cyberspace. Cybersecurity …

This article proposes a new way to understand cyberspace's impact on international
relations by treating it as a “structural modifier.” This shared language with IR allows for a …

States are increasingly incorporating militarized cyber technologies, or cyber weapons, into
their defense arsenals, but there is vigorous debate about their coercive utility. Existing …

Our understanding of strategic preferences in cyberspace rests on the material and strategic
factors that shape state behavior. This, however, is derived from the actions of established …

Cyber proxies—whether mercenaries, patriotic zealots, pranksters, or simply allies of
convenience—are thought to be widespread. By outsourcing to proxies, this logic goes, a …

It is believed that states can achieve military and foreign policy objectives “on the cheap” by
outsourcing cyber operations to willing proxy actors, be they cyber mercenaries, patriotic …