The eukaryotic ubiquitin family encompasses nearly 20 proteins that are involved in the
posttranslational modification of various macromolecules. The ubiquitin-like proteins (UBLs) …

The covalent conjugation of ubiquitin family proteins is a widespread post-translational
protein modification. In the ubiquitin family, the ATG8 subfamily is exceptional because it is …

The discovery of the ubiquitin system was awarded with the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in
2004. Labeling of intracellular proteins for degradation by a multienzymatic complex, called …

Ubiquitin-like proteins (UBLs) can change protein function, localization or turnover by
covalent attachment to lysine residues. Although UBLs achieve this conjugation through an …

As we near a complete understanding of plant transcriptomes and their corresponding
proteomes, a remaining frontier in plant biology will be the in-depth definition of the …

Wobble uridines (U34) are generally modified in all species. U34 modifications can be
essential in metazoans but are not required for viability in fungi. In this review, we provide an …

The addition of ubiquitin (Ub) and ubiquitin-like (Ubl) modifiers to proteins serves to
modulate function and is a key step in protein degradation, epigenetic modification and …

Two autophagy-related (ATG) ubiquitin-like conjugation systems, the ATG12 and ATG8
systems, play important roles in macroautophagy. While multiple duplications and losses of …

Sulfur is an essential element for a variety of cellular constituents in all living organisms. In
tRNA molecules, there are many sulfur-containing nucleosides, such as the derivatives of 2 …

The wobble uridine in yeast cytosolic tRNA Lys2 UUU and tRNA Glu3 UUC undergoes a
thio-modification at the second position (s 2 modification) and a methoxycarbonylmethyl …