Abstract The 2019/20 Black Summer bushfire disaster in southeast Australia was
unprecedented: the extensive area of forest burnt, the radiative power of the fires, and the …

Abstract Initialized Earth System predictions are made by starting a numerical prediction
model in a state as consistent as possible to observations and running it forward in time for …

2 Chapter 2 assesses observed large-scale changes in climate system drivers, key climate
indicators and 3 principal modes of variability. Chapter 3 considers model performance and …

The AR5 concluded that human influence on the climate system is clear, evident from
increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, positive radiative forcing …

Naturally occurring tropical Pacific variations at timescales of 7–70 years—tropical Pacific
decadal variability (TPDV)—describe basin-scale sea surface temperature (SST), sea-level …

Abstract The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) strongly affects the climate of the Indo-Pacific.
Observations suggest a shift towards stronger and earlier positive IOD (pIOD) events …

Abstract The 2019 positive Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) was the strongest event since the
1960s which developed independently without coinciding El Niño. The dynamics is not fully …

Abstract The positive Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) event in 2019 was among the strongest on
record, while the Indian Summer monsoon (ISM) was anomalously dry in June then very wet …

Southern Australia's rainfall is highly variable and influenced by factors across scales from
synoptic weather to large‐scale circulation and remote climate modes of variability …

Hundreds of coral paleoclimate records have been developed over the past several
decades, significantly extending the instrumental record and improving our understanding of …