Stochastic effects dominate many chemical and biochemical processes. Their analysis,
however, can be computationally prohibitively expensive and a range of approximation …

Cellular signaling processes can exhibit pronounced cell-to-cell variability in genetically
identical cells. This affects how individual cells respond differentially to the same …

Serine/threonine/tyrosine-interacting protein (STYX) is a catalytically inactive member of the
dual-specificity phosphatases (DUSPs) family. Whereas the role of DUSPs in cellular …

Many biological, physical, and social interactions have a particular dependence on where
they take place; eg, in living cells, protein movement between the nucleus and cytoplasm …

This study presents two novel theoretical models to elucidate frequency sensitive nuclear
mechanisms in low-intensity ultrasound enhanced bioeffects. In contrast to the typical 1.5 …

Background Regulatory mechanism of ERK1 and ERK2, their mechanisms of action, and
how they impact on development, growth, and homeostasis of different organisms have …

The phosphoregulation of proteins with multiple phosphorylation sites is governed by
biochemical reaction networks that can exhibit multistable behavior. However, the behavior …

Abstract The Raf/MEK/ERK cascade is one of the most studied and important signal
transduction pathways. However, existing models largely ignore the existence of isoforms of …

Signaling complexity is the nightmare of every systems biologist. Some hope that the
pathway of interest can be considered in isolation, or else pursue their slightly more …

The ERK pathway is an evolutionarily conserved three-tier signaling cascade comprised of
protein kinases Raf, MEK, and ERK. These core kinases are arranged in a hierarchical order …