Asthma is chronic inflammation of the airways characterized by airway hyper-
responsiveness, wheezing, cough, and dyspnea. Asthma affects> 350 million people …

Asthma affects an estimated 262 million people worldwide and caused over 461,000 deaths
in 2019. The disease is characterized by chronic airway inflammation, reversible …

Bronchial asthma is a complex disorder that is thought to arise as a result of aberrant T‐
lymphocyte responses to noninfectious environmental antigens. In particular, the symptoms …

Asthma is an inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by intermittent episodes of
wheezing, chest tightness, and cough. Many of the inflammatory pathways implicated in …

Group-2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2), type-2 cytokines, and eosinophils have all been
implicated in sustaining adipose tissue homeostasis. However, the interplay between the …

Airway smooth muscle (ASM) plays an integral part in the pathophysiology of asthma. It is
responsible for acute bronchoconstriction, which is potentiated by constrictor …

Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to direct (histamine and methacholine) and indirect
(exercise, cold air, hyperventilation, AMP) challenges is a universal and defining feature of …

Oncostatin M is a secreted cytokine involved in homeostasis and in diseases involving
chronic inflammation. It is a member of the gp130 family of cytokines that have pleiotropic …

Mast cells and basophils are key contributors to allergies and other inflammatory diseases
since they are the most prominent source of histamine as well as numerous additional …

Abstract IL-4 and IL-13 are pleiotropic Th2 cytokines produced by a wide variety of different
cell types and responsible for a broad range of biology and functions. Physiologically, Th2 …