Understanding the plant immune system is crucial for using genetics to protect crops from
diseases. Plants resist pathogens via a two-tiered innate immune detection-and-response …

Legumes, unlike most land plants, can form symbiotic root nodules with nitrogen‐fixing
bacteria to secure nitrogen for growth. The formation of nitrogen‐fixing nodules on legume …

A wide range of microorganisms produce extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), highly
hydrated polymers that are mainly composed of polysaccharides, proteins, and DNA. EPS …

Since 1999, various forward-and reverse-genetic approaches have uncovered nearly 200
genes required for symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) in legumes. These discoveries …

Rhizobia are some of the best-studied plant microbiota. These oligotrophic
Alphaproteobacteria or Betaproteobacteria form symbioses with their legume hosts …

Plants encounter a myriad of microorganisms, particularly at the root–soil interface, that can
invade with detrimental or beneficial outcomes. Prevalent beneficial associations between …

Plants solely rely on innate immunity of each individual cell to deal with a diversity of
microbes in the environment. Extracellular recognition of microbe‐and host damage …

Access to fixed or available forms of nitrogen limits the productivity of crop plants and thus
food production. Nitrogenous fertilizer production currently represents a significant expense …

Rhizobia are a paraphyletic group of soil-borne bacteria that induce nodule organogenesis
in legume roots and fix atmospheric nitrogen for plant growth. In non-leguminous plants …

Plants are constantly exposed to would-be pathogens and pests, and thus have a
sophisticated immune system to ward off these threats, which otherwise can have …