Although responses are sometimes easy to predict, at other times responding seems highly
variable, unpredictable, or even random. The inability to predict is generally attributed to …

Although reinforcement often leads to repetitive, even stereotyped responding, that is not a
necessary outcome. When it depends on variations, reinforcement results in responding that …

In probabilistic and nonstationary environments, individuals must use internal and external
cues to flexibly make decisions that lead to desirable outcomes. To gain insight into the …

Some studies have found that extinction leaves response structures unaltered; others have
found that response variability is increased. Responding by Long-Evans rats was …

This study investigated the roles of problem structure and strategy use in problem encoding.
Fourth‐grade students solved and explained a set of typical addition problems (eg, 5+ 4+ 9+ …

Neuroscientists have often described the adult brain in similar terms to an electronic circuit
board–dependent on fixed, precise connectivity. However, with the advent of technologies …

Restricted and repetitive behavior is a diagnostic characteristic of autism spectrum disorder
(ASD). To the extent that the behavior of individuals with ASD can be conceptualized as …

Learning to perform a complex motor task requires the optimization of specific behavioral
features to cope with task constraints. We show that when mice learn a novel motor …

Evolved mechanisms of phenotypic plasticity, which are evolutionary processes in their own
right, enable species to respond adaptively to their environments. The Scandinavian …

The Escape of the Mind is part of a current movement in psychology and philosophy of mind
that calls into question what is perhaps our most basic, most cherished, and universally …