Macrophages are important immune cells in innate immunity, and have remarkable
heterogeneity and polarization. Under pathological conditions, in addition to the resident …

Liver fibrosis due to viral or metabolic chronic liver diseases is a major challenge of global
health. Correlating with liver disease progression, fibrosis is a key factor for liver disease …

BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is an emerging infectious disease
caused by SARS-CoV-2. Antiviral immune response is crucial to achieve pathogen …

Simple Summary Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a global health challenge. Hepatitis
virus infection (including HBV, HCV and HDV) is one of the major risk factors for HCC …

The liver carries out a wide range of functions ranging from the control of metabolites,
nutrient storage, and detoxification to immunosurveillance. While inflammation is essential …

During microbial infection, pre-existing memory CD8+ T cells that are not specific for the
infecting pathogens can be activated by cytokines without cognate antigens, termed …

During viral infections, significant numbers of T cells are activated in a T cell receptor-
independent and cytokine-dependent manner, a phenomenon referred to as “bystander …

Exhausted T cells express multiple co-inhibitory molecules that impair their function and limit
immunity to chronic viral infection. Defining novel markers of exhaustion is important both for …

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a hepatotropic virus that can establish a persistent and chronic
infection in humans through immune anergy. Currently, 3.5% of the global population is …

MAVS Mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein MMR Measles, mumps and rubella vaccine
MSM Men who have sex with men LAK Lymphokine-activated killer cells NK cells Natural …