Offline handwritten Chinese recognition is an important research area of pattern recognition,
including offline handwritten Chinese character recognition (offline HCCR) and offline …

Word segmentation is a crucial phase for handwritten text recognition. When the input image
contains several words written into multiple text lines, it is essential to separate or segment …

Handwriting recognition is always a challenging task as it depends on the writing style of the
writer; similarity among character sets of the script; fairly or badly written text; blurriness (or …

In most pattern recognition models, the accuracy of the recognition plays a major role in the
efficiency of those models. The feature extraction phase aims to sum up most of the details …

Character recognition (CR) systems were attracted by a massive number of authors' interest
in this field, and lot of research has been proposed, developed, and published in this regard …

Historical document processing (HDP) corresponds to the task of converting the physical-
bind form of historical archives into a web-based centrally digitized form for their …

The complex two-dimensional structure poses huge challenges for handwritten
mathematical expression recognition (HMER). Many researchers process the LaTeX …

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are effective for image classification, and deeper
CNNs are being used to improve classification performance. Indeed, as needs increase for …

The Transformer architecture is shown to provide a powerful machine transduction
framework for online handwritten gestures corresponding to glyph strokes of natural …

Within artificial intelligence, deep learning is a subset that emulates the information
processing mechanism of the human brain. allowing machines to learn and make decisions …