▪ Abstract Deer have expanded their range and increased dramatically in abundance
worldwide in recent decades. They inflict major economic losses in forestry, agriculture, and …

Forest regeneration following disturbance is a key ecological process, influencing forest
structure and function, species assemblages, and ecosystem–climate interactions. Climate …

Trophic cascades—the top-down regulation of ecosystems by predators—are an essential
aspect of ecosystem function and well-being. Trophic cascades are often drastically …

Ungulates can profoundly alter the structure and composition of forest communities via both
direct and indirect mechanisms. Individual plant species often respond in a unique way to …

Considerable controversy has arisen over the management of white‐tailed deer in eastern
landscapes where there is evidence of damage to forest vegetation, crops, and wildlife …

The mechanistic basis underpinning forest succession is the gap-phase paradigm in which
overstory disturbance interacts with seedling and sapling shade tolerance to determine …

Many forests of eastern North American are undergoing a species composition shift in which
maples (Acer spp.) are increasingly important while oak (Quercus spp.) regeneration and …

White‐tailed deer have increased in abundance and expanded their geographic range in
North America over the past century, and now exist at higher densities than they have in the …

Large effects of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) upon individual plants, plant
populations and communities have been documented in a number of studies. However, well …

The role of diversity in the maintenance of ecosystems has been studied widely in the past
decade. By correlating richness and diversity with basic ecosystem processes, these …