Lung cancer remains a leading cause of cancer‐related mortality worldwide with the poor
prognosis. Encouragingly, immune checkpoint blockade targeting programmed death‐1 (PD …

The immunologic landscape of the host and tumor play key roles in determining how
patients will benefit from immunotherapy, and a better understanding of these factors could …

Background Approximately 25% of all patients with non-small-cell lung cancer present with
resectable stage IB–IIIA disease, and although perioperative chemotherapy is the standard …

Objective We conducted a phase I trial of neoadjuvant nivolumab, a monoclonal antibody to
the programmed cell death protein 1 checkpoint receptor, in patients with resectable non …

Background The neoadjuvant use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in resectable non-
small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is currently an area of active ongoing research. The place of …

Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death protein 1
(PD-1) are inhibitory checkpoints that are commonly seen on activated T cells and have …

Introduction: The promotion of antitumor response by targeting co-stimulatory B7 superfamily
members has become evident to create a new wave of cancer immunotherapy. Inducible Co …

Lung cancer mortality has decreased over the past decade and can be partly attributed to
advances in targeted therapy and immunotherapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have …

Standard curative treatment of early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) involves
surgery in combination with postoperative (adjuvant) platinum-based chemotherapy where …

Leakage and compression of blood vessels may result in deprivation of blood flow to a large
number of tumor tissues, which can lead to tumor hypoxia. Hypoxia induces an increase in …