The Asian monsoons are triggered by complex interactions between the atmosphere, Asian
and African orography, and the surrounding oceans, resulting in highly seasonal climate …

Pioneer naturalists such as Whewell, Lyell, Humboldt, Darwin and Wallace acknowledged
the interactions between ecological and evolutionary forces, as well as the roles of …

The long-term diversification of the biosphere responds to changes in the physical
environment. Yet, over the continents, the nearly monotonic expansion of life started later in …

Understanding the origins of biodiversity has been an aspiration since the days of early
naturalists. The immense complexity of ecological, evolutionary, and spatial processes …

Our capability to reconstruct past landscapes and the processes that shape them underpins
our understanding of paleo-Earth. We take advantage of a global-scale landscape evolution …

Methane hydrate dissociation has long been considered as a mechanism for global carbon
cycle perturbations, climate change and even mass extinctions in Earth's history. However …

The Eocene–Oligocene Transition (∼ 33.9 Ma) marks the largest step transformation within
the Cenozoic cooling trend and is characterized by a sudden growth of the Antarctic ice …

Uplift and erosion are complex phenomena in terms of their governing processes, precise
timing and exact magnitude. The intricate relationship between different geodynamic …

The evolving mosaic of tectonic plates across the surface of the Earth sets boundary
conditions for the evolution of biotic and abiotic processes and helps shape the dynamics of …

Paleogeographic maps are essential tools for understanding Earth system dynamics. They
provide boundary conditions for climate and geodynamic modelling, for analysing surface …