Tumour progression is modulated by the local microenvironment. This environment is
populated by many immune cells, of which macrophages are among the most abundant …

The concept that progression of cancer is regulated by interactions of cancer cells with their
microenvironment was postulated by Stephen Paget over a century ago. Contemporary …

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are some of the most abundant immune cells within
tumors and perform a broad repertoire of functions via diverse phenotypes. On the basis of …

The systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) based on peripheral lymphocyte, neutrophil
and platelet counts has been considered a good index that reflects the local immune …

Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF) is one of the most important growth factors for
regulation of vascular development and angiogenesis. Since bone is a highly vascularized …

The hypoxic response in cells and tissues is mediated by the family of hypoxia-inducible
factor (HIF) transcription factors; these play an integral role in the metabolic changes that …

Osteoblast-derived VEGF is important for bone development and postnatal bone
homeostasis. Previous studies have demonstrated that VEGF affects bone repair and …

Mutationally corrupted cancer (stem) cells are the driving force of tumor development and
progression. Yet, these transformed cells cannot do it alone. Assemblages of ostensibly …

Deleterious inflammation is a primary feature of breast cancer. Accumulating evidence
demonstrates that macrophages, the most abundant leukocyte population in mammary …

It is generally accepted that metabolism is able to shape the immune response. Only
recently we are gaining awareness that the metabolic crosstalk between different tumor …