Natural killer (NK) cells, a crucial component of the innate immune system, have long been
of clinical interest for their antitumor properties. Almost every aspect of NK cell immunity is …

Cytokines are secreted signalling proteins that play essential roles in the initiation,
maintenance and resolution of immune responses. Although the unique ability of cytokines …

Expansion and differentiation of antigen-experienced PD-1+ TCF-1+ stem-like CD8+ T cells
into effector cells is critical for the success of immunotherapies based on PD-1 blockade …

Cytokines are a class of potent immunoregulatory proteins that are secreted in response to
various stimuli and act locally to regulate many aspects of human physiology and disease …

Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) enable novel mechanisms of action and/or therapeutic
applications that cannot be achieved using conventional IgG-based antibodies …

With the huge therapeutic potential, cancer immunotherapy is expected to become the
mainstream of cancer treatment. In the current field of cancer immunotherapy, there are …

The therapeutic potential of interleukin (IL)-2 in cancer treatment has been known for
decades, yet its widespread adoption in clinical practice remains limited. Recently, chimeric …

Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a cytokine that belongs to the interleukin-2 (IL-2) family and is
essential for the development, proliferation, and activation of immune cells, including natural …

Background Immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is being explored to
improve cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) therapy. However, it remains difficult to predict which ICI …

Dysregulated cell-cell communication is a hallmark of many disease phenotypes. Due to
recent advances in single-cell transcriptomics and computational approaches, it is now …