We encounter pathogens on a daily basis and our immune system has evolved to mount an
immune response following an infection. An interesting phenomenon that has evolved in …

Scrub typhus is a severe mite-borne infection caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, an
obligately intracellular bacterium closely related to Rickettsia. The disease explains a …

DNA vaccines have demonstrated antitumor efficacy in multiple preclinical models, but low
immunogenicity has been observed in several human clinical trials. This has led to many …

CD8+ T cell responses are critical for the control of virus infections. Following infection,
epitope-specific responses establish an unpredictable but reproducible pattern of …

The human HLA-A2–restricted CD8+ T cell response to influenza A virus (IAV) is largely
directed against the matrix protein-derived M1 58–66 epitope and represents an archetypal …

During adaptive immune response, pathogen-specific CD8+ T cells recognize preferentially
a small number of epitopes, a phenomenon known as immunodominance. Its biological …

Prediction methods as well as experimental methods for T-cell epitope discovery have
developed significantly in recent years. High-throughput experimental methods have made it …

Vaccination through mucosal surfaces has been shown to elicit antiviral immune responses
against a number of mucosal pathogens. Here we demonstrate that both mucosal and …

The apicomplexan parasite Theileria parva is the causative agent of East Coast fever,
usually a fatal disease for cattle, which is prevalent in large areas of eastern, central, and …

Background Typically, DNA immunization via the intramuscular route induces specific, Th1-
dominant immune responses. However, plasmids expressing viral proteins fused to cytotoxic …