The results of many studies in a variety of species have significantly advanced our
understanding of the role of visual experience and the mechanisms of postnatal eye growth …

As the eye's main load-bearing connective tissue, the sclera is centrally important to vision.
In addition to cooperatively maintaining refractive status with the cornea, the sclera must …

Myopia is a common ocular condition, characterized by excessive elongation of the ocular
globe. The prevalence of myopia continues to increase, particularly among highly educated …

Recent epidemiological evidence in children indicates that time spent outdoors is protective
against myopia. Studies in animal models (chick, macaque, tree shrew) have found that light …

In infant tree shrews, exposure to narrow-band long-wavelength (red) light, that stimulates
long-wavelength sensitive cones almost exclusively, slows axial elongation and produces …

Near infrared (NIR) light therapy, or photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT), has gained
persistent worldwide attention in recent years as a new novel scientific approach for …

Shortly after birth, the eyes of most animals (including humans) are hyperopic because the
short axial length places the retina in front of the focal plane. During postnatal development …

This review provides insights into the mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of myopia
and potential targets for clinical intervention. Although the etiology of myopia involves both …

Purpose At birth most, but not all eyes, are hyperopic. Over the course of the first few years of
life the refraction gradually becomes close to zero through a process called …

Refractive eye development is a tightly coordinated developmental process. The general
layout of the eye and its various components are established during embryonic …