Abstract Changes in the Arctic atmosphere, cryosphere and Ocean are drastically altering
the dynamics of phytoplankton, the base of marine ecosystems. This Review addresses four …

The cycling of carbon on Earth exerts a fundamental influence upon the greenhouse gas
content of the atmosphere, and hence global climate over millennia. Until recently, ice …

The cryosphere (including, snow, glaciers, permafrost, lake and river ice) is an integral
element of high mountain regions, which are home to roughly 10% of the global population …

Key observational indicators of climate change in the Arctic, most spanning a 47 year period
(1971–2017) demonstrate fundamental changes among nine key elements of the Arctic …

Glaciers cover∼ 10% of the Earth's land surface, but they are shrinking rapidly across most
parts of the world, leading to cascading impacts on downstream systems. Glaciers impart …

Accelerated mass loss from the Greenland ice sheet leads to glacier retreat and an
increasing input of glacial meltwater to the fjords and coastal waters around Greenland …

Freshwater discharge from glaciers is increasing across the Arctic in response to
anthropogenic climate change, which raises questions about the potential downstream …

In recent decades, the land-ocean aquatic continuum, commonly defined as the interface, or
transition zone, between terrestrial ecosystems and the open ocean, has undergone …

Piecing together the history of carbon (C) perturbation events throughout Earth's history has
provided key insights into how the Earth system responds to abrupt warming. Previous …

Physical erosion and chemical weathering rates beneath glaciers are expected to increase
in a warming climate with enhanced melting but are poorly constrained. We present a global …