Studies on odor mixture perception suggest that although odor components can often be
identified in mixtures, mixtures can also give rise to novel perceptual qualities that are not …

In a constantly changing environment, it is advantageous for animals to encode a location
(such as a food source) relying on more than one single cue. A certain position might, in fact …

In associative learning in mammals, it is widely accepted that the discrepancy, or error,
between actual and predicted reward determines whether learning occurs. Complete …

Cross-cultural studies have become extremely common in recent years. Although they are
the main type of study in flagship journals such as the Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology …

Integrating developments from psychology, ethology and neuroscience, this is an
undergraduate introduction to cognitive processes across species. The authors merge …

Blocking occurs when previous training with a stimulus A reduces (blocks) subsequent
learning about a stimulus B, when A and B are trained in compound. The question of …

In patterning discriminations, animals have to differentiate a compound stimulus AB from
each of its elements A and B. In positive patterning (PP), the compound is reinforced whilst …

Three experiments with foraging honeybees were designed to study the effect of experience
with A on responding to B after AB+ training. In the first experiment, responding to B was the …

Brain complexity varies across many orders of magnitude between animals, and it is often
assumed that complexity underpins cognition. It is thus important to explore the cognitive …

Experiment 1 established the effectiveness of an appetitive conditioning of odours
procedure with snails (Helix aspersa) that was subsequently used for the study of blocking …