Could SARS-CoV-2 spike protein be responsible for long-COVID syndrome?

TC Theoharides - Molecular Neurobiology, 2022 - Springer
SARS-CoV-2 infects cells via its spike protein binding to its surface receptor on target cells
and results in acute symptoms involving especially the lungs known as COVID-19. However …

Long‐COVID syndrome‐associated brain fog and chemofog: Luteolin to the rescue

TC Theoharides, C Cholevas, K Polyzoidis… - Biofactors, 2021 - Wiley Online Library
COVID‐19 leads to severe respiratory problems, but also to long‐COVID syndrome
associated primarily with cognitive dysfunction and fatigue. Long‐COVID syndrome …

[HTML][HTML] Fluvoxamine: a review of its mechanism of action and its role in COVID-19

VP Sukhatme, AM Reiersen, SJ Vayttaden… - Frontiers in …, 2021 - frontiersin.org
Fluvoxamine is a well-tolerated, widely available, inexpensive selective serotonin reuptake
inhibitor that has been shown in a small, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized …

A scoping review of the pathophysiology of COVID-19

PE Marik, J Iglesias, J Varon… - International journal of …, 2021 - journals.sagepub.com
COVID-19 is a highly heterogeneous and complex medical disorder; indeed, severe COVID-
19 is probably amongst the most complex of medical conditions known to medical science …

Mast cell and eosinophil activation are associated with COVID-19 and TLR-mediated viral inflammation: implications for an anti-Siglec-8 antibody

S Gebremeskel, J Schanin, KM Coyle… - Frontiers in …, 2021 - frontiersin.org
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection represents a
global health crisis. Immune cell activation via pattern recognition receptors has been …

Role of SARS-CoV-2 spike-protein-induced activation of microglia and mast cells in the pathogenesis of neuro-COVID

TC Theoharides, D Kempuraj - Cells, 2023 - mdpi.com
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus
disease 2019 (COVID-19). About 45% of COVID-19 patients experience several symptoms a …

COVID-19: famotidine, histamine, mast cells, and mechanisms

RW Malone, P Tisdall, P Fremont-Smith, Y Liu… - Frontiers in …, 2021 - frontiersin.org
SARS-CoV-2 infection is required for COVID-19, but many signs and symptoms of COVID-19
differ from common acute viral diseases. SARS-CoV-2 infection is necessary but not …

Mast cell-mediated immune regulation in health and disease

KN Dileepan, VV Raveendran, R Sharma… - Frontiers in …, 2023 - frontiersin.org
Mast cells are important components of the immune system, and they perform pro-
inflammatory as well as anti-inflammatory roles in the complex process of immune regulation …

Basophils and mast cells in COVID-19 pathogenesis

G Murdaca, M Di Gioacchino, M Greco, M Borro… - Cells, 2021 - mdpi.com
Basophils and mast cells are among the principal inducers of Th2 responses and have a
crucial role in allergic and anti-parasitic protective immunity. Basophils can function as …

IL-4/IL-13 remodeling pathway of COVID-19 lung injury

CB Vaz de Paula, MLV de Azevedo, S Nagashima… - Scientific Reports, 2020 - nature.com
The COVID-19 fatality rate is high when compared to the H1N1pdm09 (pandemic Influenza
A virus H1N1 subtype) rate, and although both cause an aggravated inflammatory response …